Repellent effect of selected essential oils against the wolf spider Pardosa hortensis (Araneae: Lycosidae).

Spiders play a vital role in ecosystem balance, contributing to insect population control and biodiversity maintenance. However, their presence can cause fear and anxiety in humans, particularly those affected with arachnophobia. As spiders increasingly appear in human environments due to global climatic changes, even non synanthropic species, there is a growing need for effective and natural repellents - not only to reduce human discomfort but also to protect spiders by encouraging them to avoid urban areas and re…